250+ Functions
With powerful new functions and built‑in help, formulas in Numbers couldn’t be clearer.
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Date & Time
DATE
Combines separate values for year, month, and day and returns a date/time value.
DATEDIF
Returns the number of days, months, or years between two dates.
DATEVALUE
Converts a date text string and returns a date/time value. This function is provided for compatibility with other spreadsheet programs.
DAY
Returns the day of the month for a given date/time value.
DAYNAME
Returns the name of the day of the week from a date/time value or a number. Day 1 is Sunday.
DAYS360
Returns the number of days between two dates based on twelve 30‑day months and a 360‑day year.
EDATE
Returns a date that is some number of months before or after a given date.
EOMONTH
Returns a date that is the last day of the month some number of months before or after a given date.
HOUR
Returns the hour for a given date/time value.
MINUTE
Returns the minutes for a given date/time value.
MONTH
Returns the month for a given date/time value.
MONTHNAME
Returns the name of the month from a number. Month 1 is January.
NETWORKDAYS
Returns the number of working days between two dates. Working days exclude weekends and any other specified dates.
NOW
Returns the current date/time value from the system clock.
SECOND
Returns the seconds for a given date/time value.
TIME
Converts separate values for hours, minutes, and seconds into a date/time value.
TIMEVALUE
Returns the time as a decimal fraction of a 24‑hour day from a given date/time value or from a text string.
TODAY
Returns the current system date. The time is set to 12:00 a.m.
WEEKDAY
Returns a number that is the day of the week for a given date.
WEEKNUM
Returns the number of the week within the year for a given date.
WORKDAY
Returns the date that is the given number of working days before or after a given date. Working days exclude weekends and any other dates specifically excluded.
YEAR
Returns the year for a given date/time value.
YEARFRAC
Finds the fraction of a year represented by the number of whole days between two dates.
Duration
DUR2DAYS
Converts a duration value to a number of days.
DUR2HOURS
Converts a duration value to a number of hours.
DUR2MILLISECONDS
Converts a duration value to a number of milliseconds.
DUR2MINUTES
Converts a duration value to a number of minutes.
DUR2SECONDS
Converts a duration value to a number of seconds.
DUR2WEEKS
Converts a duration value to a number of weeks.
DURATION
Combines separate values for weeks, days, hours, minutes, seconds, and milliseconds and returns a duration value.
STRIPDURATION
Evaluates a given value and returns either the number of days represented, if a duration value; or the given value. This function is included for compatibility with other spreadsheet applications.
Engineering
BASETONUM
Converts a number of the specified base into a number in base 10.
BESSELJ
Returns the integer Bessel function Jn(x).
BESSELY
Returns the integer Bessel function Yn(x).
BIN2DEC
Converts a binary number to the corresponding decimal number.
BIN2HEX
Converts a binary number to the corresponding hexadecimal number.
BIN2OCT
Converts a binary number to the corresponding octal number.
CONVERT
Converts a number from one measurement system to its corresponding value in another measurement system.
DEC2BIN
Converts a decimal number to the corresponding binary number.
DEC2HEX
Converts a decimal number to the corresponding hexadecimal number.
DEC2OCT
Converts a decimal number to the corresponding octal number.
DELTA
Determines whether two values are exactly equal.
ERF
Returns the error function integrated between two values.
ERFC
Returns the complementary ERF function integrated between a given lower bound and infinity.
GESTEP
Determines if one value is greater than or exactly equal to another value.
HEX2BIN
Converts a hexadecimal number to the corresponding binary number.
HEX2DEC
Converts a hexadecimal number to the corresponding decimal number.
HEX2OCT
Converts a hexadecimal number to the corresponding octal number.
NUMTOBASE
Converts a number from base 10 into a number in the specified base.
OCT2BIN
Converts an octal number to the corresponding binary number.
OCT2DEC
Converts an octal number to the corresponding decimal number.
OCT2HEX
Converts an octal number to the corresponding hexadecimal number.
Financial
ACCRINT
Calculates the accrued interest added to the purchase price of a security and paid to the seller when the security pays periodic interest.
ACCRINTM
Calculates the total accrued interest added to the purchase price of a security and paid to the seller when the security pays interest only at maturity.
BONDDURATION
Calculates the weighted average of the present value of the cash flows for an assumed par value of $100.
BONDMDURATION
Calculates the modified weighted average of the present value of the cash flows for an assumed par value of $100.
COUPDAYBS
Returns the number of days between the beginning of the coupon period in which settlement occurs and the settlement date.
COUPDAYS
Returns the number of days in the coupon period in which settlement occurs.
COUPDAYSNC
Returns the number of days between the settlement date and the end of the coupon period in which settlement occurs.
COUPNUM
Returns the number of coupons remaining to be paid between the settlement date and the maturity date.
CUMIPMT
Returns the total interest included in loan or annuity payments over a chosen time interval based on fixed periodic payments and a fixed interest rate.
CUMPRINC
Returns the total principal included in loan or annuity payments over a chosen time interval based on fixed periodic payments and a fixed interest rate.
CURRENCY
Returns data from the previous market day’s close about the exchange rate between two currencies, retrieved remotely via the Internet.
CURRENCYCODE
Returns the ISO currency code of a given currency value, or the currency code for the language and region set for the computer or for the current document.
CURRENCYCONVERT
Returns the price of a given currency value in a different currency, using exchange rate data from the previous market day’s close, retrieved remotely via the Internet.
CURRENCYH
Returns historical data on the exchange rate between two currencies for a given date. The value returned is in the target currency (the currency to which you’re converting).
DB
Returns the amount of depreciation of an asset for a specified period using the fixed‑declining balance method.
DDB
Returns the amount of depreciation of an asset based on a specified depreciation rate.
DISC
Returns the annual discount rate of a security that pays no interest and is sold at a discount to its redemption value.
EFFECT
Returns the effective annual interest rate from the nominal annual interest rate based on the number of compounding periods per year.
FV
Returns the future value of an investment based on a series of regular periodic cash flows (payments of a constant amount and all cash flows at constant intervals) and a fixed interest rate.
INTRATE
Returns the effective annual interest rate for a security that pays interest only at maturity.
IPMT
Returns the interest portion of a specified loan or annuity payment based on fixed, periodic payments and a fixed interest rate.
IRR
Returns the internal rate of return for an investment that is based on a series of potentially irregular cash flows that occur at regular time intervals.
ISPMT
Returns the interest portion of a specified loan or annuity payment based on fixed, periodic payments and a fixed interest rate. This function is provided for compatibility with tables imported from other spreadsheet applications.
MIRR
Returns the modified internal rate of return for an investment that is based on a series of potentially irregular cash flows that occur at regular time intervals. The rate earned on positive cash flows and the rate paid to finance negative cash flows can differ.
NOMINAL
Returns the nominal annual interest rate from the effective annual interest rate based on the number of compounding periods per year.
NPER
Returns the number of payment periods for a loan or annuity based on a series of regular periodic cash flows (payments of a constant amount and all cash flows at constant intervals) and a fixed interest rate.
NPV
Returns the net present value of an investment based on a series of potentially irregular cash flows that occur at regular time intervals.
PMT
Returns the fixed periodic payment for a loan or annuity based on a series of regular periodic cash flows (payments of a constant amount and all cash flows at constant intervals) and a fixed interest rate.
PPMT
Returns the principal portion of a specified loan or annuity payment based on fixed periodic payments and a fixed interest rate.
PRICE
Returns the price of a security that pays periodic interest per $100 of redemption (par) value.
PRICEDISC
Returns the price of a security that is sold at a discount to redemption value and does not pay interest per $100 of redemption (par) value.
PRICEMAT
Returns the price of a security that pays interest only at maturity per $100 of redemption (par) value.
PV
Returns the present value of an investment or annuity based on a series of regular periodic cash flows (payments of a constant amount and all cash flows at constant intervals) and a fixed interest rate.
RATE
Returns the interest rate of an investment, loan, or annuity based on a series of regular periodic cash flows (payments of a constant amount and all cash flows at constant intervals) and a fixed interest rate.
RECEIVED
Returns the maturity value for a security that pays interest only at maturity.
SLN
Returns the amount of depreciation of an asset for a single period using the straight‑line method.
STOCK
Returns data from the previous market day’s close about a given stock, retrieved remotely via the Internet.
STOCKH
Returns historical price information about a stock for a given date, retrieved remotely via the Internet.
SYD
Returns the amount of depreciation of an asset for a specified period using the sum‑of‑the‑years‑digits method.
VDB
Returns the amount of depreciation of an asset over a chosen time interval, based on a specified depreciation rate.
XIRR
Returns the internal rate of return for an investment that is based on a series of irregularly spaced cash flows.
XNPV
Returns the present value of an investment or annuity based on a series of irregularly spaced cash flows and at a discount interest rate.
YIELD
Returns the effective annual interest rate for a security that pays regular periodic interest.
YIELDDISC
Returns the effective annual interest rate for a security that is sold at a discount to redemption value and pays no interest.
YIELDMAT
Returns the effective annual interest rate for a security that pays interest only at maturity.
Logical & Information
AND
Returns TRUE if all arguments are true; otherwise it returns FALSE.
FALSE
Returns the Boolean value FALSE. This function is included for compatibility with tables imported from other spreadsheet applications.
IF
Returns one of two values depending on whether a specified expression evaluates to a Boolean value of TRUE or FALSE.
IFERROR
Returns a value that you specify if a given value evaluates to an error; otherwise it returns the given value.
IFS
Checks specified expressions returns a value based on the first condition that evaluates to a boolean value of TRUE.
ISBLANK
Returns TRUE if the specified cell is empty; otherwise it returns FALSE.
ISDATE
Returns the boolean value TRUE if the given expression evaluates to a date and the boolean value FALSE otherwise.
ISERROR
Returns TRUE if a given expression evaluates to an error; otherwise it returns FALSE.
ISEVEN
Returns TRUE if the value is even (leaves no remainder when divided by 2); otherwise it returns FALSE.
ISNUMBER
Returns the boolean value TRUE if the given expression evaluates to a number and the boolean value FALSE otherwise.
ISODD
Returns TRUE if the value is odd (leaves a remainder when divided by 2); otherwise it returns FALSE.
ISTEXT
Returns the boolean value TRUE if the given expression evaluates to a string and the boolean value FALSE otherwise.
NOT
Returns the opposite of the Boolean value of a specified expression.
OR
Returns TRUE if any argument is true; otherwise it returns FALSE.
TRUE
Returns the Boolean value TRUE. This function is included for compatibility with tables imported from other spreadsheet applications.
Numeric
ABS
Returns the absolute value of a number or duration.
CEILING
Rounds a number away from zero to the nearest multiple of the specified factor.
COMBIN
Returns the number of different ways you can combine a number of items into groups of a specific size, ignoring the order within the groups.
EVEN
Rounds a number away from zero to the next even number.
EXP
Returns e (the base of natural logarithms) raised to the specified power.
FACT
Returns the factorial of a number.
FACTDOUBLE
Returns the double factorial of a number.
FLOOR
Rounds a number toward zero to the nearest multiple of the specified factor.
GCD
Returns the greatest common divisor of the specified numbers.
INT
Returns the nearest integer that is less than or equal to the number.
LCM
Returns the least common multiple of the specified numbers.
LN
Returns the natural logarithm of a number, the power to which e must be raised to result in the number.
LOG
Returns the logarithm of a number using a specified base.
LOG10
Returns the base‑10 logarithm of a number.
MOD
Returns the remainder from a division.
MROUND
Rounds a number to the nearest multiple of a specified factor.
MULTINOMIAL
Returns the closed form of the multinomial coefficient of the given numbers.
ODD
Rounds a number away from zero to the next odd number.
PI
Returns the approximate value of π (pi), the ratio of a circle’s circumference to its diameter.
POLYNOMIAL
Evaluates a polynomial at a given point.
POWER
Returns a number raised to a power.
PRODUCT
Returns the product of one or more numbers.
QUOTIENT
Returns the integer quotient of two numbers.
RAND
Returns a random number that is greater than or equal to 0 and less than 1.
RANDBETWEEN
Returns a random integer within the specified range.
ROMAN
Converts a number to Roman numerals.
ROUND
Returns a number rounded to the specified number of places.
ROUNDDOWN
Returns a number rounded toward zero (rounded down) to the specified number of places.
ROUNDUP
Returns a number rounded away from zero (rounded up) to the specified number of places.
SERIESSUM
Computes and returns the sum of a power series.
SIGN
Returns 1 when a given number is positive, –1 when it is negative, and 0 when it is zero.
SQRT
Returns the square root of a number.
SQRTPI
Returns the square root of a number multiplied by π (pi).
SUM
Returns the sum of a collection of numbers.
SUMIF
Returns the sum of a collection of numbers, including only numbers that satisfy a specified condition.
SUMIFS
Returns the sum of the cells in a collection where the test values meet the given conditions.
SUMPRODUCT
Returns the sum of the products of corresponding numbers in one or more ranges.
SUMSQ
Returns the sum of the squares of a collection of numbers.
SUMX2MY2
Returns the sum of the difference of the squares of corresponding values in two collections.
SUMX2PY2
Returns the sum of the squares of corresponding values in two collections.
SUMXMY2
Returns the sum of the squares of the differences between corresponding values in two collections.
TRUNC
Truncates a number to the specified number of digits.
Reference
ADDRESS
Constructs a cell address string from separate row, column, and table identifiers.
AREAS
Returns the number of ranges the function references.
CHOOSE
Returns a value from a collection of values based on a specified index value.
COLUMN
Returns the column number of the column containing a specified cell.
COLUMNS
Returns the number of columns included in a specified range of cells.
HLOOKUP
Returns a value from a range of rows by using the top row of values to pick a column and a row number to pick a row within that column.
INDEX
Returns the value in the cell located at the intersection of the specified row and column within a range of cells.
INDIRECT
Returns the contents of a cell or range referenced by an address specified as a string.
INTERSECT.RANGES
Returns a range that is the intersection of the specified ranges.
LOOKUP
Finds a match for a given search value in one range, then returns the value in the cell with the same relative position in a second range.
MATCH
Returns the position of a value within a range.
OFFSET
Returns a range of cells that is the specified number of rows and columns away from the specified base cell.
ROW
Returns the row number of the row containing a specified cell.
ROWS
Returns the number of rows included in a specified range of cells.
TRANSPOSE
Returns a vertical range of cells as a horizontal range of cells, or vice versa.
UNION.RANGES
Returns a range that represents a range representing the union of the specified ranges.
VLOOKUP
Returns a value from a range of columns by using the left column of values to pick a row and a column number to pick a column in that row.
XLOOKUP
Searches a range for a specified value and returns the value from the same row in another column.
Statistical
AVEDEV
Returns the average of the difference of a collection of numbers from their average (arithmetic mean).
AVERAGE
Returns the average (arithmetic mean) of a collection of numbers.
AVERAGEA
Returns the average (arithmetic mean) of a collection of values, including text and Boolean values.
AVERAGEIF
Returns the average (arithmetic mean) of the cells in a range that meet a given condition.
AVERAGEIFS
Returns the average (arithmetic mean) of the cells in a collection that meet all the given conditions.
BETADIST
Returns the cumulative beta distribution probability value.
BETAINV
Returns the inverse of the given cumulative beta distribution probability value.
BINOMDIST
Returns the individual term binomial distribution probability of the specified form.
CHIDIST
Returns the one‑tailed probability of the chi‑square distribution.
CHIINV
Returns the inverse of the one‑tailed probability of the chi‑square distribution.
CHITEST
Returns the value from the chi‑square distribution for the given data.
CONFIDENCE
Returns a value for creating a statistical confidence interval for a sample from a population with a known standard deviation.
CORREL
Returns the correlation between two collections using linear regression analysis.
COUNT
Returns the number of its arguments that contain numbers, numeric expressions, or dates.
COUNTA
Returns the number of its arguments that are not empty.
COUNTBLANK
Returns the number of cells in a range that are empty.
COUNTIF
Returns the number of cells in a range that satisfy a given condition.
COUNTIFS
Returns the number of cells in one or more ranges that satisfy given conditions (one condition per range).
COVAR
Returns the covariance of two collections.
CRITBINOM
Returns the smallest value for which the cumulative binomial distribution is greater than or equal to a given value.
DEVSQ
Returns the sum of the squares of deviations of a collection of numbers from their average (arithmetic mean).
EXPONDIST
Returns the exponential distribution of the specified form.
FDIST
Returns the F probability distribution.
FINV
Returns the inverse of the F probability distribution.
FORECAST
Returns the forecasted y value for a given x value based on sample values using linear regression analysis.
FREQUENCY
Returns an array of how often data values occur within a range of interval values.
GAMMADIST
Returns the gamma distribution in the specified form.
GAMMAINV
Returns the inverse gamma cumulative distribution.
GAMMALN
Returns the natural logarithm of the gamma function, G(x).
GEOMEAN
Returns the geometric mean.
HARMEAN
Returns the harmonic mean.
INTERCEPT
Returns the y‑intercept of the best‑fit line for the collection using linear regression analysis.
LARGE
Returns the nth‑largest value within a collection. The largest value is ranked number 1.
LINEST
Returns an array of the statistics for a straight line that best fits the given data using the least squares method.
LOGINV
Returns the inverse of the log‑normal cumulative distribution function of x.
LOGNORMDIST
Returns the log‑normal distribution.
MAX
Returns the largest number in a collection.
MAXA
Returns the largest number in a collection of values that may include text and Boolean values.
MEDIAN
Returns the median value in a collection of numbers. The median is the value where half the numbers in the collection are less than the median and half are greater.
MIN
Returns the smallest number in a collection.
MINA
Returns the smallest number in a collection of values that may include text and Boolean values.
MODE
Returns the most frequently occurring value in a collection of numbers.
NEGBINOMDIST
Returns the negative binomial distribution.
NORMDIST
Returns the normal distribution of the specified function form.
NORMINV
Returns the inverse of the cumulative normal distribution.
NORMSDIST
Returns the standard normal distribution.
NORMSINV
Returns the inverse of the cumulative standard normal distribution.
PERCENTILE
Returns the value within a collection that corresponds to a particular percentile.
PERCENTRANK
Returns the rank of a value in a collection as a percentage of the collection.
PERMUT
Returns the number of permutations for a given number of objects that can be selected from a total number of objects.
POISSON
Returns the probability that a specific number of events will occur using the Poisson distribution.
PROB
Returns the probability of a range of values if you know the probabilities of the individual values.
QUARTILE
Returns the value for the specified quartile of a given collection.
RANK
Returns the rank of a number within a range of numbers.
SLOPE
Returns the slope of the best‑fit line for the collection using linear regression analysis.
SMALL
Returns the nth‑smallest value within a range. The smallest value is ranked number 1.
STANDARDIZE
Returns a normalized value from a distribution characterized by a given mean and standard deviation.
STDEV
Returns the standard deviation, a measure of dispersion, of a collection of values based on their sample (unbiased) variance.
STDEVA
Returns the standard deviation, a measure of dispersion, of a collection of values that may include text and Boolean values, based on the sample (unbiased) variance.
STDEVP
Returns the standard deviation, a measure of dispersion, of a collection of values based on their population (true) variance.
STDEVPA
Returns the standard deviation, a measure of dispersion, of a collection of values that may include text and Boolean values, based on the population (true) variance.
TDIST
Returns the probability from the Student’s t‑distribution.
TINV
Returns the t value (a function of the probability and degrees of freedom) from the Student’s t‑distribution.
TTEST
Returns the probability associated with a Student’s t‑test, based on the t‑distribution function.
VAR
Returns the sample (unbiased) variance, a measure of dispersion, of a collection of values.
VARA
Returns the sample (unbiased) variance, a measure of dispersion, of a collection of values, including text and Boolean values.
VARP
Returns the population (true) variance, a measure of dispersion, of a collection of values.
VARPA
Returns the sample (unbiased) variance, a measure of dispersion, of a collection of values, including text and Boolean values.
WEIBULL
Returns the values of the Weibull distribution.
ZTEST
Returns the one‑tailed probability value of the Z‑test.
Text
CHAR
Returns the character that corresponds to a decimal Unicode character code.
CLEAN
Removes most common nonprinting characters (Unicode character codes 0–31) from text.
CODE
Returns the decimal Unicode number of the first character in a specified string.
CONCATENATE
Joins (concatenates) strings.
COUNTMATCHES
Returns a number value representing the number of times a given substring appears in the original string value.
DOLLAR
Returns a string formatted as a dollar amount from a given number.
EXACT
Returns TRUE if the argument strings are identical in case and content.
FIND
Returns the starting position of one string within another.
FIXED
Rounds a number to the specified number of decimal places and then returns the result as a string value.
LEFT
Returns a string consisting of the specified number of characters from the left end of a given string.
LEN
Returns the number of characters in a string.
LOWER
Returns a string that is entirely lowercase, regardless of the case of the characters in the specified string.
MID
Returns a string consisting of the given number of characters from a string starting at the specified position.
PLAINTEXT
Returns a string value stripped of any rich text attributes in the input value.
PROPER
Returns a string where the first letter of each word is uppercase and all remaining characters are lowercase, regardless of the case of the characters in the specified string.
REGEX
Enables usage of regular expressions in other text and conditional functions. It can be used with all functions that expect a condition (IF, COUNTIF, …) or a string match (SUBSTITUTE, TEXTBEFORE, …). When not used as a condition or to match text, REGEX returns the underlying regular expression as a string value.
REGEX.EXTRACT
Returns the matches or capture groups in a match of a given regular expression in a source string.
REPLACE
Returns a string where a specified number of characters of a given string have been replaced with a new string.
REPT
Returns a string that contains a given string repeated a specified number of times.
RIGHT
Returns a string consisting of the given number of characters from the right end of a specified string.
SEARCH
Returns the starting position of one string within another, ignoring case and allowing wildcards.
SUBSTITUTE
Returns a string where the specified characters of a given string have been replaced with a new string.
TEXTAFTER
Returns a string value consisting of all characters that appear after a given substring in the original string value.
TEXTBEFORE
Returns a string value consisting of all characters that appear before a given substring in the original string value.
TEXTBETWEEN
Returns a string value consisting of all characters that appear between two given substrings in the original string value.
T
Returns the text contained in a cell. This function is included for compatibility with tables imported from other spreadsheet applications.
TRIM
Returns a string based on a given string, after removing extra spaces.
UPPER
Returns a string that is entirely uppercase, regardless of the case of the characters in the specified string.
VALUE
Returns a number value even if the argument is formatted as text.
Trigonometric
ACOS
Returns the inverse cosine (arccosine) of a number.
ACOSH
Returns the inverse hyperbolic cosine (hyperbolic arccosine) of a number.
ASIN
Returns the arcsine (the inverse sine) of a number.
ASINH
Returns the inverse hyperbolic sine of a number.
ATAN
Returns the inverse tangent (arctangent) of a number.
ATAN2
Returns the angle, relative to the positive x‑axis, of the line passing through the origin and the specified point.
ATANH
Returns the inverse hyperbolic tangent of a number.
COS
Returns the cosine of an angle that is expressed in radians.
COSH
Returns the hyperbolic cosine of a number.
DEGREES
Returns the number of degrees in an angle expressed in radians.
RADIANS
Returns the number of radians in an angle expressed in degrees.
SIN
Returns the sine of an angle that is expressed in radians.
SINH
Returns the hyperbolic sine of the specified number.
TAN
Returns the tangent of an angle that is expressed in radians.
TANH
Returns the hyperbolic tangent of the specified number.